Education

This study was conducted with funding from the Danish International Development Agency (Danida) provided specifically to prepare for the launch of Oxfam education projects in Pibor and Juba in South Sudan. However, its findings will also be useful to the wider NGO community working in the country, with recommendations provided for the Government of South Sudan and for future programming by donors. The analysis focuses specifically on education, but it also aims to analyse gendered power relations between men and women and boys and girls and the differences in their roles and responsibilities, decision-making power, the barriers and constraints they face and their coping mechanisms, along with the specific needs and concerns of girls and boys both in and out of school and gendered vulnerabilities and differential access to education in the locations selected. The analysis concludes with a set of recommendations to ensure that agencies can move forward in a way that meaningfully addresses the gender inequalities that prevent access to their programmes for women, men, boys and girls.

South Sudan was embroiled in a civil war from mid-December 2013 to mid-
September 2018. Nearly 400,000 people died, and several million were displaced.
The economy nearly collapsed as the nation’s output was severely reduced, causing
inflation to soar. While prior research on the immediate humanitarian crisis in
South Sudan has focused on forced displacement and food insecurity, there is little
information available about the long-term impact the war had on human capital
accumulation in this context. This analysis exploits spatial variation in exposure
to violence to estimate the causal impact of the recent civil war on primary school
enrollment as a proxy for measuring human capital accumulation. Results based
on the difference-in-differences methodology indicate a statistically significant
relationship between school enrollment and the war. The study shows that schools
located in the South Sudanese war zones lost 85 children per year on average, or
18.5 percent of total enrollment. The diminishing trends in girls’ enrollment are
unrelated to the war, which is not surprising; social barriers, including gendered
domestic roles, early marriage, and out-of-wedlock pregnancies, have long impeded
female educational opportunities in South Sudan. These effects are robust to a
number of specifications, including holding constant school-level fixed effects and
adjusting for the standard errors. The article presents important policy implications
for education and the labor market, both locally and internationally.

Anyone looking for inspirational examples of dedication, perseverance, resilience and strength of character should look no further than the students and teachers featured in this year’s report on refugees and education.
From Ecuador to Jordan, from Iran to Ethiopia, these young refugees and the adults who support them realize how much living a life in dignity and preparing for solutions depend on access to full and formal quality education.
The gap between refugees and their peers is still wide, especially at the higher levels of education. Given the continued rise in the overall number of the world’s forcibly displaced, keeping education enrollment rates steady is no small feat.

Whilst education is most often viewed as central to peace-building, it is important to note that it has two faces. Education can be a strong tool in exacerbating violent conflict whilst on the positive side facilitate peace building through addressing the drivers of a conflict. The review draws from academic research on literature from NGOs and donors showing the links between education, conflict and peace. Education has been considered as a salient feature in emergency response featuring on its role as a peace dividend and an entry point to conflict transformation and peace-building (Smith and Ellison, 2015). However, gaps exist in literature on evidence showing how to programme education to address the needs of refugees and populations in conflict areas. Much of the literature reviewed emphasises the need for context specific conflict analysis with a focus on education for understanding how and under what circumstances education can address conflict and instability.

This report examines child and forced marriage in South Sudan. The report suggests that child marriage has a significant negative impact on women and girl’s realization of key human rights, including their rights to health and education, physical integrity and the right to marry only when they are able and willing to give their free consent.

This report is part of the collection of publications on “Education, Conflict and Civicness in South Sudan”, which is the outcome of a collaboration between the South Sudan Studies Association (SSSA) and the London School of Economics and Political Science (LSE).

If universities are to contribute to political transformation and civicness in conflict settings, they must foster gender equality. This is an exceptional challenge in the context of South Sudan, where female literacy was last estimated at under 30 percent and where universities have been affected by conflict and resource shortages. Societal dynamics arising out of a patriarchal society mean that the ratio of boys and girls enrolled in schools remains unequal. This persists at the university level, resulting in fewer females joining universities as students and academics. But even those who are admitted face complex challenges. This paper explores whether and how the University of Juba is promoting equality and inclusion in practice and assesses the implications. It examines the existence of formal and informal policies, attitudes towards teaching certain courses, attitudes of students towards female students and lecturers, and attitudes of non-teaching staff at the College of Law and at the Institute for Peace, Development and Security Studies. The research offers recommendations on how the prevailing situation could be mitigated and how the university can counter gender inequality to build on what has been achieved so far.